Geraldine Ferraro Named Vice Presidential Candidate
July 12, 1984
Geraldine Ferraro made history on July 12, 1984, when she was announced as the vice-presidential running mate of Democratic presidential candidate Walter Mondale. This momentous occasion marked the first time a woman had been selected as a vice-presidential candidate for a major U.S. party’s national ticket. Ferraro’s selection was a groundbreaking achievement.

First Marine to Receive Medal of Honor for Action in Vietnam is Killed
July 12, 1965
On July 12, 1965, Major Malcolm A. Carpenter, a United States Marine, was killed in action during the Vietnam War. Major Carpenter had already distinguished himself through extraordinary acts of bravery and service, earning him the distinction of being the first Marine to receive the Medal of Honor for his valor during the conflict.

First Dymaxion Car Produced
July 12, 1933
On July 12, 1933, the first Dymaxion car, designed by the visionary inventor Buckminster Fuller, rolled off the production line. This groundbreaking vehicle was a product of Fuller’s inventive spirit and his desire to revolutionize transportation. The Dymaxion car featured a striking teardrop shape and an unconventional three-wheel layout, with two wheels at the front.

“To Kill a Mockingbird” Published
July 11, 1960
Harper Lee’s “To Kill a Mockingbird” was published on July 11, 1960, and quickly became a cornerstone of modern American literature. Set in the Depression-era South, the novel follows the experiences of young Scout Finch, her brother Jem, and their father, Atticus Finch, as they navigate a world steeped in racial injustice.

Babe Ruth Makes MLB Debut
July 11, 1914
Babe Ruth, one of baseball’s most iconic figures, made his major league debut on July 11, 1914, pitching for the Boston Red Sox against the Cleveland Naps. This game marked the start of an extraordinary career that would see Ruth transition from a promising pitcher to one of the most formidable hitters in the history.

Aaron Burr Slays Alexander Hamilton in Duel
July 11, 1804
On July 11, 1804, one of the most infamous duels in American history took place between Aaron Burr, the sitting Vice President, and Alexander Hamilton, the former Secretary of the Treasury. The duel occurred in Weehawken, New Jersey, on a secluded ledge along the Hudson River, a popular dueling ground of the time.

[OpDis Editor Note: Pretty crazy how politicians used to have duels back in the day. Could you imagine if Trump and Biden had a pistol duel instead of a debate? Such strange times.]

Last of Thai Soccer Team Rescued from Cave
July 10, 2018
On July 10, 2018, the world watched with bated breath as the final member of a Thai soccer team was safely rescued from the flooded Tham Luang cave complex in northern Thailand. The team, comprising 12 boys and their coach, had been trapped for over two weeks after heavy rains flooded the cave.

Scopes Monkey Trial Begins
July 10, 1925
The Scopes Monkey Trial, formally known as The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes, commenced on July 10, 1925, and became one of the most famous American legal battles of the 20th century. At the heart of the case was John Scopes, a high school teacher accused of violating Tennessee’s Butler Act.

Dam Collapse in Switzerland
July 10, 1887
On July 10, 1887, Switzerland experienced a devastating tragedy when a dam collapsed, causing a catastrophic flood. The dam failure resulted in a torrent of water that surged through the surrounding areas, sweeping away homes, businesses, and farmland. Approximately 70 people lost their lives in the disaster, with many more suffering from injuries and loss.

Wimbledon Tournament Begins
July 9, 1877
The first Wimbledon Championship began on July 9, 1877, at the All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club in London. Originally started as a fundraising event for the club, Wimbledon has grown into the world’s oldest and arguably most prestigious tennis tournament, celebrated annually.

U.S. Takes San Francisco from Mexico
July 9, 1846
As part of the broader conflict of the Mexican-American War, the United States took control of San Francisco from Mexico on July 9, 1846. This military action was significant in the U.S. expansionist policy known as Manifest Destiny, which aimed at extending its territory across the North American continent.

Catherine the Great Assumes Power
July 9, 1762
On July 9, 1762, Catherine the Great became the ruler of Russia following the coup that deposed her husband, Tsar Peter III. Her accession marked the beginning of her long and impactful reign, during which she expanded Russian territories and modernized its society along Western European lines.

North Korea’s “Great Leader” Dies
July 8, 1994
On July 8, 1994, Kim Il-sung, the founding leader of North Korea, known officially as the “Great Leader,” died of a heart attack. His death ended nearly half a century of his authoritarian rule, during which he established a pervasive personality cult and a highly centralized, totalitarian regime that has continued under his successors.

First Americans Killed in South Vietnam
July 8, 1959
The Vietnam War reached a grim milestone on July 8, 1959, when Major Dale R. Buis and Master Sergeant Chester M. Ovnand became the first Americans reported killed in South Vietnam, during a guerilla attack at Bien Hoa. Their deaths marked the beginning of increasing American military involvement in Vietnam.

Liberty Bell Tolls to Announce Declaration of Independence
July 8, 1776
On July 8, 1776, the Liberty Bell rang from the tower of the Pennsylvania State House (now known as Independence Hall) in Philadelphia, calling citizens to hear the first public reading of the Declaration of Independence. The tolling of the Liberty Bell symbolized freedom and marked the birth of a new nation.

Building of Hoover Dam Begins
July 7, 1930
Construction of the Hoover Dam began on July 7, 1930. Located on the Colorado River at the border between Arizona and Nevada, the dam was one of the most ambitious engineering projects of its time and a significant part of the American efforts to control flooding, provide irrigation water, and produce hydroelectric power.

Jim Thorpe Begins Olympic Triathlon
July 7, 1912
Jim Thorpe, one of the greatest athletes in American history, began his Olympic triathlon events on July 7, 1912, during the Summer Olympics in Stockholm. Over the course of two days, Thorpe competed in the pentathlon and the decathlon, excelling in both and ultimately winning gold medals for each.

Mary Surratt Executed
July 7, 1865
On July 7, 1865, Mary Surratt became the first woman executed by the U.S. federal government. She was convicted of taking part in the conspiracy to assassinate President Abraham Lincoln. Surratt’s execution remains controversial, with debates about the extent of her involvement and the fairness of her trial.

First Women Graduate from the U.S. Naval Academy
July 6, 1976
July 6, 1976, marked another milestone in gender equality when the first class of women graduated from the United States Naval Academy. This historic class included 81 women who were among the first to receive commissions in the Navy and Marine Corps, paving the way for future generations of women in the military.

Althea Gibson Wins Wimbledon
July 6, 1957
Althea Gibson broke color barriers in tennis when she became the first African American to win a Wimbledon title on July 6, 1957. Her victory was not just a personal triumph but a landmark achievement in the civil rights movement, symbolizing a breakthrough in the integration of sports in America. Gibson’s success challenged racial stereotypes.

Anne Frank’s Family Takes Refuge
July 6, 1942
On July 6, 1942, Anne Frank and her family went into hiding in the secret annex of an office building in Amsterdam to escape Nazi persecution during World War II. The Frank family’s life in hiding, which Anne documented in her now-famous diary, provides a deeply personal insight into the fear, hope, and daily struggles.

Dolly the Sheep Cloned
July 5, 1996
Dolly the sheep, the first mammal successfully cloned from an adult somatic cell, was born on July 5, 1996, although her birth was not publicly announced until several months later. Created by scientists at the Roslin Institute in Scotland, Dolly represented a major breakthrough in genetic research.

Bikini Introduced
July 5, 1946
The modern bikini was introduced by French designer Louis Réard on July 5, 1946, at a popular swimming pool in Paris. Named after the Bikini Atoll, where post-war nuclear testing was taking place, the bikini revolutionized women’s swimwear with its bold design that exposed the belly button for the first time.

Salvation Army Founded
July 5, 1865
On July 5, 1865, the Salvation Army was founded by William Booth in London, England. Initially called the Christian Mission, the organization was renamed in 1878 to reflect its structured, military-style approach to providing aid. The Salvation Army began as a movement dedicated to bringing salvation to the poor, destitute, and hungry.

Pathfinder Lands on Mars
July 4, 1997
The Mars Pathfinder successfully landed on Mars on July 4, 1997, deploying the Sojourner rover to explore the Martian terrain. This mission, managed by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, marked a significant achievement in the exploration of Mars, providing a wealth of data about the planet’s atmosphere, climate, and geology.

Thomas Jefferson and John Adams Die
July 4, 1826
In a remarkable historical coincidence, both Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, the second and third Presidents of the United States, respectively, died on July 4, 1826—the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence. Both men had played pivotal roles in the American Revolutionary War and the founding of the United States.

Continental Congress Adopts the Declaration of Independence
July 4, 1776
On July 4, 1776, the Continental Congress formally adopted the Declaration of Independence, marking the legal separation of the Thirteen Colonies from Great Britain. Authored primarily by Thomas Jefferson, this document articulates the fundamental ideas of national sovereignty and human rights that have become foundational to the American identity.

Pilgrim Stampede Kills 1,400
July 3, 1990
A tragic incident occurred on July 3, 1990, when a deadly stampede happened in a pedestrian tunnel leading from Mecca towards Mina and the Plains of Arafat in Saudi Arabia. The disaster resulted in the deaths of approximately 1,400 pilgrims who were participating in the annual Hajj pilgrimage.

Idaho Becomes the 43rd State
July 3, 1890
On July 3, 1890, Idaho was admitted to the Union as the 43rd state of the United States. The state’s admission marked a period of rapid growth and development in the American West, characterized by mining, agriculture, and the expansion of the railroads. Idaho’s statehood is a celebration of its rich resources and diverse landscapes.

Battle of Gettysburg Ends
July 3, 1863
The Battle of Gettysburg, one of the most critical and bloodiest battles of the American Civil War, concluded on July 3, 1863, after three days of fierce combat. This battle marked a turning point in the war, with the defeat of General Robert E. Lee’s Confederate army by Union forces.

President Johnson Signs Civil Rights Act
July 2, 1964
The Civil Rights Act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2, 1964, representing a watershed moment in the struggle for racial equality in the United States. This comprehensive legislation outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, ended segregation in public places, and banned employment discrimination.

Amelia Earhart Disappears
July 2, 1937
Amelia Earhart, a pioneering aviator and symbol of daring and adventure, disappeared over the central Pacific Ocean near Howland Island on July 2, 1937, while attempting to circumnavigate the globe. Her disappearance remains one of the greatest unsolved mysteries of the 20th century and has spurred countless theories and searches.

President James A. Garfield Shot
July 2, 1881
On July 2, 1881, President James A. Garfield was shot by Charles J. Guiteau at the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station in Washington, D.C. The attack was motivated by Guiteau’s delusional belief that his imagined political influence had been spurned by Garfield’s administration.

1997: Hong Kong Returned to China
July 1, 1997
On July 1, 1997, Hong Kong was officially returned to Chinese sovereignty, ending more than 150 years of British colonial rule. This event occurred in accordance with the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration, which stipulated that Hong Kong would operate under a “one country, two systems” principle, preserving its legal and economic systems for 50 years.

PG-13 Rating Debuts
July 1, 1984
The PG-13 movie rating was introduced by the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) on July 1, 1984. This new category was created in response to concerns from parents about films that contained levels of violence and maturity not suitable for younger viewers but not severe enough to warrant an R rating.

Canada Day – Formation of Canada
July 1, 1867
On July 1, 1867, the British North America Act came into effect, uniting the three separate colonies of the Province of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia into a single Dominion within the British Empire called Canada. This day, now celebrated as Canada Day, marked the birth of Canada as a nation.

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