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"Our data comes from Standard & Poor's Capital IQ platform, which contains information on most of the world's largest and most important companies. Around 230,000 companies in 206 countries are represented in this data, which provides a good picture of the global supply chain network," explains CSH scientist Tobias Reisch.
"Data on almost 1 million corporate relationships is included, detailing the flow of goods and services between countries," adds Reisch, one of the lead authors of the study published in Nature Communications.
Simulation of economic shocks
The researchers wanted to know what would happen in the event of a supply chain disruption — whether it be a transportation infrastructure problem, like the collapse of the Baltimore Bridge; or a natural disaster, such as an earthquake in Taiwan, among others. They then simulated economic shocks in the networks — interruptions in the flow of goods and services — and observed how they propagated within the networks.
"By studying how a complete interruption of a firm would spread across the global supply network, we discovered that high-income countries create significant exposures beyond their regions and thus export systemic risk," says Stefan Thurner, senior author of the study and CSH president. In contrast, "low-income countries are disproportionately strongly affected by high exposure values."
"We initially thought the economic shocks would affect more rich and industrialized countries since they are more involved in global value chains. However, this was not the case. They receive less economic shocks, but create more shocks," says Reisch. "In some ways, these countries seem more diversified, or at different positions in the supply network. In fact, they are exposing other countries more than they are exposed."
Comment: Considering the division the West has created between itself and the multipolar world, it would be worthwhile to know which side of that divide is most vulnerable, because whilst countries like Russia would surely implement protectionist measures, there's no reason to believe that they would use them for hybrid war purposes, like the West.
Furthermore, food is not on par with other commodities, and industrialised nations seem to be much more vulnerable to losses of any kind when compared with impoverished and developing societies, who have already been making do with less.
The study's results also reveal that exposure to other nations is highly structured on a regional level. Therefore, companies within a country are most vulnerable to shocks within their own borders. "This indicates the typically strong embedding of firms within their local or national supply chains. The same applies to regions as well: African companies are closer to others located in Africa, and European firms have closer ties to those located on the Old Continent," explains Reisch.
Structural inequality
The findings suggest structural inequality in supply networks between countries is significant, according to the CSH researchers. "Since exposure inequality arises from the structure of the global supply network on the firm level, it is important to understand the processes that let firms from different income countries enter into production and trade relations and how this could happen by creating less risk exposure to poorer countries," propose the authors.
"A possible strategy to make supply chains more resilient, fair and sustainable at the same time could be the introduction of a 'systemic risk tax' for international supply networks. There one could follow ideas we developed earlier for making financial markets more resilient. However, the situation for supply chains is more complicated and it will need more research to get the details right how such a taxing scheme could look like," says Thurner.
The authors of the study urge a global effort to collect and monitor granular economic data way better than what was available in the study. Only with better data, researchers and policymakers will be able to track the spreading of supply chain threats around the world so that it becomes actually usable and helpful for individual companies. This would allow firms and governments alike to anticipate and prepare for globally spreading supply shocks, according to the CSH researchers.
More information: Abhijit Chakraborty et al, Inequality in economic shock exposures across the global firm-level supply network, Nature Communications (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46126-w
Journal information: Nature Communications
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