Mazal u' Bracha has been the Hebrew expression for sealing transactions in the international diamond trade for hundreds of years - in Amsterdam until World War II, and Antwerp since then. Literally, it means "luck and blessing". Sociologically, it means that if you default, the community of Jewish diamantaires will impose the sanction of religious law, redline your credit, and you will be unable to take goods on approval, buy, borrow, trade, or continue in the business.
In the major Jewish diamond business centres - Antwerp, Ramat Gan (Tel Aviv), New York - the potency of this blessing has been waning under pressure of falling consumer demand, rising borrowing costs, company bankruptcies, government sanctions, and sanctions-busting. And that was before the Palestine war began.
On March 1, after heavy lobbying by Israeli and American diamantaires - and despite resistance from the Belgian businesses - new restrictions were imposed with the aim of driving Russian diamonds - rough and polished - out of the major jewellery markets of Europe and the US. The new scheme has a catch, however. It is now the US Customs Service with whom diamond buyers and traders must shake hands.
In a rule issued on March 1, the US Government requires importers to sign a statement declaring: "I certify that the non-industrial diamonds in this shipment were not mined, extracted, produced, or manufactured wholly or in part in the Russian Federation, notwithstanding whether such diamonds have been substantially transformed into other products outside of the Russian Federation."
The US Customs Service doesn't speak Hebrew and it lacks Talmudic authority. Even if it did, there is increasing doubt among trade lawyers that there is anything equivalent to the traditional Jewish community sanction to support the blessing. Israel's engagement in what the International Court of Justice (ICJ) has ruled to be "plausible genocide" also exposes the Tel Aviv-New York trade to the charge of aiding and abetting war crimes and crimes against humanity.
This is more than a case of the pot calling the kettle black. It's a case of the Israeli diamantaires financing the genocide of Gaza and the war against the Arabs at the same time as they attempt to drive competing diamond producers and rival diamond traders out of the market. The so-called blood diamond sanction of the Kimberley Process, which was first intended to curtail central and west African diamond supply since 2003, is now being applied to Russian diamonds by the Israelis, the Jewish communities engaged in the diamond trade, and the US Government.
Martin Rapaport, a Tel Aviv-New York diamond trader and publisher of an industry bible called Rapaport.com, has published a warning that the new system is not only an unenforceable mazal-bracha system, but it is also a devious scheme to channel diamond certification through loopholes in Antwerp, at the expense of alternative, stricter channels in Tel Aviv and New York; and also to favour the Anglo-South African De Beers diamond group over the Russian rival miner Alrosa and other diamond miners in Africa.
"Previously, goods 'substantially transformed' (i.e., manufactured) in countries such as India were technically legal in the US," Joshua Freedman of the Rapaport group reported on March 11. "The US and other member countries have released information on how enforcement will work, but many questions remain. The industry is still unsure how the ban will work in both the short and the long term. Dealers have begun sending goods to the US with self-declaration statements, but there is uncertainty about what will happen if customs authorities ask for evidence about a particular shipment and whether the US will add more complex requirements later...[there are] allegations that Belgium is using the sanctions to benefit its own diamond sector...Those importing diamonds into the EU [European Union] between March 1 and August 31 may choose between doing so via the Diamond Office [DO] in Antwerp, 'leading to the issuance of a G7 certificate,' or by providing documentary evidence with detailed information about the diamond and its origin. Single-origin Kimberley Process (KP) certificates — or mixed origin for De Beers DTC [Diamond Trading Company] goods — qualify as acceptable proof of origin, according to question 12 of the EU's FAQs. However, there is an important caveat: documentary evidence is accepted only 'provided that goods of CN codes 7102 31 00 and 7102 10 00 with a weight equal to or above 1 carat are submitted without delay' to the Antwerp Diamond Office. These codes are for rough diamonds. In other words, all 1-carat or larger rough diamonds entering the EU must go to this Belgian entry point."
In an international marketplace in which weak demand for diamonds is already squeezing the profitability of the trade in key jewellery manufacturing centres in India and China (Hong Kong), the Russian strategy is to bust the sanctions, defeat De Beers and the hostile Israeli-American operations, and create alternative businesses structures, Of course, the details are now secret.
There are diamantaires in the market who express confidence that Alrosa, Russia's dominant diamond miner, will be as successful as the Russian oil, gas, and coal exporters who have been under sanctions for longer. "The market will be in a state of shock for the first few months," comments a Russian diamantaire now based in Dubai. "Most likely, the cost of stones may increase by 10% to 20%, but after the first shock, a correction will occur. Eventually, workarounds will be found for the export of Russian diamonds. To establish parallel imports — from Russia to the outside — will not be so difficult."
There are also sources who claim Alrosa will fail. Says a diamantaire in Europe, "even before Putin's invasion, the Russian share of rough production was under 30% in value and volume. Since then of course, all production and sales figures coming out of Alrosa have been pure make-believe and are up for the next Nobel prize for fiction. It could be said there will be more incentive to prospect for future rough in Africa or Canada, or for De Beers and others to lengthen the life of some of their mines - as they are already doing at Venetia [South Africa]. I don't see any real change in the trading and polishing centres, in the diamond jewellery-consuming countries, and in the structure of the pipeline generally. Just less legal Russian rough."
In outcome, these two diamond industry sources may be predicting the same thing. The reason is what in the Russian diamond business is called submarining.
For the past thirty years, as Russian language diamond publications have come and gone, this website — and before it the diamond media of London and Johannesburg — have reported on Russian diamond mining, manufacturing, exports, and submarining. By contrast, diamond industry reporters in the US, Belgium, UK, and Israel generally follow the Russian war line of their governments; in South Africa diamond reporters follow the De Beers line. Click to open the archive.
The most recent chapter in Rapaport's attempt to mobilize the US and EU sanctions agencies against Alrosa was published last December. But at that time the Russians made an alliance with the African miners against the Rapaport scheme for tightening US sanctions. The Indian diamantaires attempted to play both sides - "neutral, waiting to see who would win".
In the December 6 report, the prediction for 2024 was uncertain. "If the diamond market cracks in half, as the oil market has done, the value of market price-setters like Rapaport's Rapnet will be erased. No one in the trade is ready to predict with confidence what the alternative diamond trade will look like, and what impact it will have on diamond pricing."
In charts of mine production of rough diamonds by weight in carats, and of value in US dollars, this is what the global diamond business looked like at the beginning of last year:
OFFICIAL DIAMOND MINE PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY, 2022 - BY WEIGHT IN CARATS, BY VALUE IN USD
On these official figures, the Alrosa share of world output by weight was 35%; 21.8% in value. The corresponding De Beers totals - counting De Beers mines in Botswana, South Africa, and roughly half of the Canadian figures - are 35.3% and 46.2%. Alrosa's 41% share in Angola's diamond mining output has not been counted in this comparison; Alrosa's stake in the Angolan mine at Catoca is in negotiation for a form of divestment.
As visible as diamonds are in the global trade in luxury goods, and as dominant as Alrosa is at the mining and export end of that trade pipeline, the value of diamonds in Russia's commodity exports is tiny. Even if the US-Israeli sanctions were to be as effective as Rapaport hopes they will be, the reduction in exports would not have a significant impact on Russia's balance of payments — in 2022, Russian commodity exports, according to the Federal Customs Service, reached $591.5 billion; exports of diamonds by contrast fetched $4.7 billion, less than 1%. As Forbes Russia reported recently, "of course, this may negatively affect the financial performance of Alrosa, which produces most of the Russian diamonds, because a small part of the stones is sent to the domestic market. But everyone understands that the bankruptcy of the state-owned company is not in danger. Even on the news of the suspension of diamond sales in the fall of 2023 due to the demand situation, the company's shares sank by only 2.5%."
FIVE-YEAR SHARE PRICE TRAJECTORY OF ALROSA ON THE MOSCOW STOCK EXCHANGE
Russia is also the only state in the diamond mining world capable of doing for the state's benefit what De Beers has traditionally done to protect and profit its own diamond-pricing cartel - buy and sell mined rough with the state stockpile, known in Russia as the Gokhran. For the backfile on the politics of Gokhran's diamond stockpiling, click to read.
Starting in 2022, the diamond exchange in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE), had overtaken Antwerp as the leading import-export hub or exchange between the mines, cutters and polishers, and the jewellery industry in the worldwide trade. The rivalry between Dubai and Antwerp is, however, muted on both sides, covered by the traditional double-dealing of the business; the blood-diamond sanctions and the anti-Russia sanctions; and now the political and military vulnerability of the UAE in the war of Israel and the US against the Arabs.
For the official Dubai exchange statement on competition with Antwerp, read this.
There is rancour in the diamond business to the attempted profiteering from the March 1 sanctions by the Antwerp diamantaires; especially hostile are the African miners and the Indian manufacturers. Their opposition is reflected in this industry-wide letter sent to the G7 member states last month. "We stand united against forcing all participants who wish to sell their polished diamonds in the G7 markets, to send their rough to Belgium first. As diamond experts, we know that this would add no value to the objectives of the G7 member states and would result in a major restriction for all non-Russian diamonds, with terrible impacts on the industry. It would also force, a functioning trans-global trade into one centralised point that would create bottlenecks in supply and give unwarranted power and advantage to one participant at the detriment of all others... The process detailed by the EU, as it stands, undermines Sovereign African Governments to send their diamonds directly to the market of their choosing. It also undermines legitimate local industry beneficiation and could encourage smuggling, which would be counterproductive."
Last week the Dubai Diamond Exchange (DDE) announced that in 2023 it had broken its records for rough and polished diamond trading, as it continues its year-on-year revenue growth averaging 11% over the past five years. A total of $21.3 billion-worth of rough diamonds were traded by the DDE in 2023, the exchange reports; carat volume was up, offsetting the 13% decrease of rough price over the year. The value of polished goods traded in Dubai surged by 32% year-on-year, reaching $16.9 billion in 2023. Total value of diamonds traded through the exchange in 2023 came to $38.3 billion. Laboratory grown diamonds (LGD) are also being traded through Dubai; the value of LGDs traded in 2023 rose 10% year-on-year, reaching $1.6 billion.
According to Ahmed Bin Sulayem, Executive Chairman and CEO of the diamond exchange's parent company Dubai Multi Commodities Centre (DMCC): "At $38.3 billion in rough and polished trade last year, these figures are further proof of Dubai's meteoric rise as a global diamond trade hub. Our appeal to diamond industry segments across the world is exemplified by our ability to maintain strong trade volumes in rough whilst rapidly advancing polished and lab-grown diamonds. The polished segment now represents almost half of our diamond trade, consolidating our status as the world's number one hub for rough and polished and, with major industry players continuing to be drawn to Dubai away from the old hubs of yesterday, DMCC will continue to set the benchmark for the services and value that diamond traders need to grow and prosper."
That's putting it politely. The more Alrosa rough which is submarined into Dubai and then traded out of DDE as polished, the more effectively the Israel-American sanctions will be defeated, and the traditional prosperity of the Belgians and the Jewish diamantaires of Antwerp will go down with them.
Russian sources confirm the trend toward price discounting, as has already occurred in Russia's oil and coal exports. According to Alexei Kalachev, an analyst at Finam in Moscow, the geography of supplies in the diamond pipeline will shift to less profitable markets, where the prices for stones are lower and discounts are higher, such as in India. "A direct ban on the import of diamonds cut from Russian diamonds will be difficult to implement, if at all possible." He also acknowledges that Russian diamonds will remain on the US and European markets, but only in a "laundered" form. He cites Germany as an example, which refuses Russian oil, but does not give up Indian fuel made from it. At the same time, the markets of Asia, Africa and Latin America will remain open for Russian diamonds, Kalachev adds. The margin of profit for diamond trade intermediaries, particularly the Indians based in Dubai, is jumping.
Roman Semenikhin, CEO of Ingosstrakh Investments Management Company, declines to answer questions from foreign reporters, but told Forbes Russia last October: "In the event of a significant and prolonged decline in demand in foreign markets, we are likely to see significant purchases of diamonds from Alrosa by Gokhran as one of the measures to support the company and the industry as a whole." Other Moscow industry analysts following Alrosa agree that the reorientation of Russian diamond exports to the UAE, India, and China will limit the impact of the new sanctions on Russia. They warn that in the short term, by reducing supply to the market there will be an increase in diamond prices, and that in turn will stimulate growth in the production and sale of artificial stones - the LGDs.
Boris Krasnozhenov, head of the Securities Markets Analytics Department at Alfa Bank, says that in 2023 the value of jewelry-quality diamonds on the world market was in the range of $155-$160 per carat. He is forecasting "a significant increase in prices" this year.
Deputy Finance Minister Alexei Moiseyev, who supervises the state stake in Alrosa and the diamond stockpile in the Gokhran, says that in the international market it will be impossible to compensate for the artificial restriction of the supply of Russian diamonds from other sources. So there will be a combination effect - sharp decrease in supply, sharp rise in the price of natural diamonds, and sharp increase in "affordable synthetics".
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Moiseyev has held one of the fifteen seats on the Alrosa board which is carefully balancing the revenue requirements for the Sakha republic and the regional districts which depend on preserving mine production, employment, tax and social funding levels; stock levels at both Alrosa and Gokhran; and the pricing of exports. In effect, this means reversing twenty years of the privatization scheming of Russian oligarchs, promoted at the Finance Ministry and on the Alrosa board by the ex-finance minister now in exile, Alexei Kudrin. Re-nationalization of Russian diamonds is another of the results of the Israeli-American sanctions.
In the present circumstances no Russian source will discuss these details.
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